Bloomington: Indiana University Press, (1997). First edition - A book which contributes to our understanding of the role of individuals, Muslim groups, as well as the religion of Islam in the shaping of African-American Muslim identity, one which that "the involvement of black Americans with Islam is not a recent phenomenon. Turner reaches back to the earliest days of the slave trade and traces the story of Islam's growing influence in the lives and culture of African-Americans. Part I of the book roots twentieth-century African-American Islam in the Middle East, West Africa, and antebellum America. Part II tells the story of the 'Prophets of the City' - the leaders of the new urban-based African-American Muslim movements in the twentieth century." Illustrated with photographs. Notes, bibliography, index. 300 pp. ISBN: 0-253211042.